复合句及多重复合句

复合句结构复杂，包含两个或多个主谓结构，其中有一个或多个主谓结构充当句子的成分，如主语、宾语、定语、状语、同位语等。这些充当成分的主谓结构被称为从句。复合句可细分为多种从句，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句和同位语从句等。在某些情况下，一个复合句可能包含一个或多个从句，即从句套着从从句，形成多重复合句。多重复合句句式复杂，是学习者阅读的难点。应对策略是先抓住主句，识别从句类型，从而理解整句意思。大部分题目的答案来自主句，但一部分答案可能来自从句。

例如，"interests are needs，desires，concerns，fears——the things one cares about or wants"。这里的"one cares about or wants"是the things的定语从句。

另一个例子是"another interests-based procedure is mediation，in which a third party assists the disputants，the two sides in the dispute，in reaching-agreement"。这里的"in which"引导的定语从句对mediation进行了解释，其中"the two sides in the dispute"是disputants的同位语，也构成了插入语结构。

对于"it is often complicated to attempt to determine who is right in a dispute"，"to attempt to determine who is right in a dispute"是it的不定式短语，作为实际主语，而宾语从句"who is right"是determine的宾语。

"it is usually straight forward where rights are formalized in law，other rights take the form of unwritten but socially accepted standards of behavior，such as reciprocity，precedent，equality，and seniority"。"although"引导的从句表示对比，而"such as"后的部分为举例说明，非阅读重点。"socially accepted"是"standards of behavior"的前置定语。

"research studies lend strong support to the argument that there are benefits for families considering a change to a fairer or more equitable division of the pleasures and pains of family life"。这里的"that there are benefits for families considering a change to fairer or more equitable division of the pleasures and pains of family life"是同位语从句，解释argument的内容。"considering a change to fairer or more equitable division of the pleasures and pains of family life"是families的后置定语。

识别同位语和定语从句的窍门是，同位语从句的引导词不充当从句的成分，而定语从句的引导词在从句中充当主语或宾语。

"paper is also biodegradable，so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded"。这是一个多重复合句，结果状语从句("so it does not pose as much threat to the environment")中包含一个时间状语从句("when it is discarded")。"biodegradable"意为"可生物降解的"，通过词根猜测得出。