1.加-s的:清辅音(s,"sh'',"ch''除外)后读[s],浊辅音(z,"u"s'ually'',"ge''除外)后读[z],在s,z,"s h'',"u"s'ually'',"ch'',,"ge''等辅音后读[iz]

2.加-es的一般读[iz]

3.以o结尾的,有的加s,有的加es,读[z]

4.-ies结尾读[iz]

5.以元音+y结尾,或以y结尾的专有名词,加-s,读[z]

6.以-f或-fe结尾的:

加-s,读[s],如:roof,chhief,gulf,safe

改成-ves,读[vz],如:leaf,life,half,loaf

以上两钟形式均可的,如:handkerchief,scarf

7.以-th结尾的,加-s:

长元音后,ths读["th''(浊)z]

短元音后,ths读["th''(清)s]

youths一词均可

8.不规则变化及单复同形要特别记